HILLMAN, JAMES –
FINDINGS
A) Emotion : A
Comprehensive Phenomenology of Theories and Their Meanings for Therapy (1961)
·
Emotion is the only mode
of apprehending, cognizing and experiencing certain aspects of existence.
Examples would be the numinosum or the love-encounter where the other is
grasped through the emotions. It is only through emotion that we are led to
higher spiritual and aesthetic awareness, and to God.
Practically, this point of view means that there is
so much hatred, fear and depression in our lives because there is so much to
hate, fear and be sad about. The emotions only cognize the real facts. These
real facts are in the social world and not only subjective ideas and images
within the personal psyche of the perceiver. And so these emotions are not
conditions to be medicated and cured away for the sake of normalcy. Such a
therapeutic approach to the negative emotions is, in fact, a perversion of
man’s relation to his world which is objectively given as evoking hatred, fear
and depression.
On this view, normalcy itself takes on another
meaning: what is normal and real is what is presented by emotion. The concept
of normalcy then becomes based on importance, on meaning, on value and not on
collections of data. With this concept of normalcy, or reality, therapy would
consist not in the adaptation of the patient’s emotion to his (or the
therapist’s) view of normal reality, but in adaptation of the patient to his
emotion which, as the vision of the psyche, tells the truth about the world.
Such an adaptation would mean living an emotional life, with all its hatred,
fear and depression, which in turn might well lead, as some writers suggest, to
the higher life of art and morality and to God.
·
If emotion is reason
- if it signifies, expresses and communicates - the fundamental form of therapy
is education. Education of the emotions, like all education, would aim at
refining the modes of communication, expressions and apprehension of the world,
involving primarily a transformation of values, of meanings, of the sense of
importance. In therapy, modern man in search of spirit might turn to his
emotions and his psychosomatic symptoms to see what spirit might be distilled
from them.
·
Emotional behaviour
corresponds with the symbolic aspect of objective reality. There is
emotion because the world is being apprehended and lived through a symbol. The
symbol is thus the emotion itself in the aspect of an exciting image.
·
Emotion is the total
pattern of the soul.
·
As Freud, James and
Watson each point out, an essential fact of emotion is that it terminates in
the subject’s own body. Whether one likes this or not the fact remains, as
psychosomatic symptoms demonstrate. Therefore, the very first step in the
development of emotion is going with the “downward discharge”. One chooses the
gross demonstrations of the body which by this choice becomes less autonomous
and are given the dignity of consciousness. This is living emotion in terms of
its final cause: to love one’s own body. A fall into ‘the flesh’ is at the same
time a discovery of spiritual riches. Emotion is a gift of both flesh and
spirit; as well, emotion is also a
danger, for any gift can be a curse or a blessing, or a blessing in
disguise. Since the psyche as a whole is not grasped by consciousness alone,
emotion is always a risk element. To be known, emotion must be lived.
B) The Myth of Analysis (1972)
·
One is incapable of working
in the psychological field of another person unless one works through one’s own
soul as an instrument.
·
As Jung often said,
we can only go with another as far as we have gone with ourselves, and vice
versa.
·
The world and its
humanity is the vale of soul making.
·
Homer’s psychic
intervention, Socrates’ ‘inner voice of warning’ or the Onians’ ‘individual
genius’ translates - in Christian contexts - as the still, small voice of the
immanent God –i.e. conscience.
·
Eros is born of
Chaos, implying that out of every chaotic moment the creativity can be born.
Eros will always hearken back to its origins in chaos and will seek it for its
revivication. Aristophanes writes even
of their mating. Eros will attempt again and again to create those dark nights
and confusions which are its nest. It renews itself in affective attacks,
jealousies, fulminations and turmoil. It thrives close to the dragon.
--- The
mythic relation of Eros and Chaos states what academic studies of creativity
have long said, that chaos and creativity are inseparable.
·
‘Transference
reactions’ and ‘transference neurosia’ are resistances and counter action by
the analysand to the effects of ‘eros’ coming from the analyst. Such is the alpha
and omega of the creative work. (Examples being the moods and arguments brought
against Socrates by his pupils – i.e. the torpidity of the ‘receiver’ soul to
modification.)
(Quote from Jung –“Without necessity nothing
budges, the human personality least of all. It is tremendously torpid,
conservative. Only acute necessity is able to arouse it. The developing
personality obeys no caprice, no command, no insight, only brute necessity; it
needs the motivating force of inner or outer fatalities.”)
Until one’s own daimon has caught fire there is the
legitimate need for the other’s spark of eros for my own self-development.---
As in any creative work, the ‘opus’ has its effect on the operator. The analyst
himself is transformed. --- Love may melt one down, but it must burn deep and
very long to transform and educate the historical level of one’s unconscious
soul patterns.
·
Man, it is said, was
created in the divine image; the psyche of man somehow mirrors or clings to the
Divine.
·
History as reflection
– during the period 1934/38 the 4 intrusive psychiatric treatments (insulin
coma, cardiozal convulsion, pre-frontal lobotomy and electroshock) were
introduced/initiated in the respective Fascist countries of Austria, Hungary,
Portugal and Italy.
·
Psychopathology is
the reason’s own mythic system, with which it grasps the demons of the soul,
differentiates its voices, produces an intelligent account.
·
The babble of inner
voices produces contradictions of will, florid fantasies, the spectra of view
points, the conflicts and choices; the inner Babel means we cannot comprehend
ourselves. --- The Church faced the question of multiple souls and voices in
its Catechism which states “The three powers of my soul are my memory, my
understanding and my will – the likeness of the Blessed Trinity.”
·
Try as we may, we
cannot make insights with reason or will. Something imaginative is needed.
·
Depression and
suffering belong to consciousness and are part of its composition, not afflictions
coming to it unconsciously, making it unconscious, dragging it down and away,
lowering its level. Depression is thus not a sign of inferiority or defect.
·
Depression may be a
crisis of both mood and energy; also it is a crisis of belief. By believing in
the God and believing that - as He always goes away - so will He always return,
the movements can be respected as natural and necessary to libido itself.
·
Hysterical reactions
are the psyche’s desperate attempts to re-find nature, the body, to incarnate
and find initiation into life.
C) “We’ve
Had 100 Years of Psychotherapy and the World’s Getting Worse” -
Co-author Michael Ventura (1992)
·
Therapy – i.e.
abreaction (getting it out) comprises “You’re in IT (the Problem) for a
while, then you’re with it for a while, and then you VISIT it.”
·
The primary activity
of the psyche is imaging. --- What we are, REALLY, and the reality we live, the
psychic reality, is the poetic imagination going on day and night. We really do
live in dream time; we really are such stuff as dreams are made of.
--- If at the soul’s core we are images, then we
must define life as the actualization over time of that originating seed image
- and that image - not the time that actualized it - is the primary determinant
in your life.
·
I am NOT caused by my
history – my childhood, my parents and development. These are mirrors in which
I may catch glimpses of my image. Ventura observes - The disruption people feel
at the entrance of a child into their lives is that they’re feeling the pull
and influence of its own momentum, its own destiny, which may in the long run
have very little to do with theirs. The fantasy of a child’s blank slate, of
innocence, is an attempt to ignore, minimize and/or control that momentum.
·
Your life is the
ongoing operation of imagination; you imagine yourself into existence, or,
let’s say, an image is continuing to shape itself into the oak tree you
consider your reality.
·
Time is not the primary
factor; AN IMAGE IS NOT CUMULATIVE, AND THE LATE STAGES OF LIFE ARE NOT THE
FULLEST AND FINEST PRESENTATION OF ONE’S SEED.
·
To try to keep life
essential, in accord with the seed, one exercises sensitive responses in the
daily round.
·
MICHAEL VENTURA’S
concept of THE WATCHER – that sense of a constant companion, who is you yet
more than you, and who seems always with you, watching from a slight distance
--- always a bit older than you, usually silent, features indistinct – not
actually passive but rarely active. Its action is to watch. It’s outside of you
(glimpsed in the mirror sometimes). Anyone who travels alone is aware of this
companion – the sense of being in the company of oneself, - the presence
from which comes the mood of your solitude. It is necessary to befriend one’s
Watcher – not make an enemy of it, nor a judging ‘conscience’. Then despite
one’s own dislike of oneself (for one’s tabooed actions and thoughts) your
Watcher will be calm, non-judgmental and a friend to one’s solitude.
Notwithstanding the lack of
formal recognition for the ‘Watcher’ entity (as a cultural concept) the sense
of it is so common that it is taken as a given. During bad times one’s
relationship with one’s Watcher is critical. It may be all one has then. The Watcher does not appear to care about
society or morality or the idea of good or evil. The Watcher cares about YOU,
and if it’s on your side to begin with, it’s all the way on your side.
(Reference to Robert Bly from
‘Iron John’ – “When we do look into our own eyes (in the mirror)---we have the
inescapable impression, so powerful and astonishing, that someone is looking
back at us---that experience of being looked back at sobers us
immediately---someone looks back questioningly, serious, alert and without
intent to comfort; and we feel more depth in the eyes looking at us than we
ordinarily sense in our own eyes as we stare out at the world. How strange! Who
could it be that is looking at us? We conclude that it is another part of us,
the half that we don’t allow to pass out of our eyes when we glance at others -
and that darker and more serious half looks back at us only at rare times.”)
·
Ventura queries “In
the madness contexting/running sexual relationships, one asks oneself ‘What are
the people saying? Do my friends like her; can they talk to her? Does she like
them? Does my family like her – or, if I’m trying to break with my family, do
they NOT like her? If we’re thinking of children, do I really want something of
her father in my son? How do I feel when I walk down the street with her? What
are the people saying?’”
Hillman’s response –
“There’s a communal aspect to love. Love does not simply exist as a private
tryst or trust between two people in a personal relationship; it’s a communal
event.” and “The people are thinking/saying ‘Is this good for us all?’ and this
is different from ‘Is it good for you?’ They ask ‘Is this good for us? Is this
going to bring fruit and benefit to us? Or is this going to bring new disturbances
to us?’”
·
Hillman -“I am
working toward a psychology of the soul that is based on a psychology of IMAGE.
Here I am suggesting both a poetic basis of mind and a psychology that starts
neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the
organization of society, nor the analysis of behaviour, but in the processes of
imagination.”
D)
The Dream and the Underworld (1979)
·
At variance with
ideas of repression (Freud) or of compensation (Jung), dreams are imagined in
relation with soul, and soul with death. The entire procedure of dream
interpretation aimed at more consciousness about living (interpretive or
predictive purposes) is radically wrong – (wrong = harmful, twisted, deceptive,
inadequate and mistaken).
·
Only the way of soul
can lead to true insight. Soul-making is an operation of plumbing the depths
for “understanding”; penetrating into depths that makes insights as one
proceeds, increasing insight dimension thereby; hidden connections within
deeper dimensions.
·
By the call of soul
to Hades, I refer not to literal death, but to the sense of purpose that enters
whenever we talk about soul. What does it want? What is it trying to say (in
this dream, this symptom, experience, problem)? Where is my fate or individual
process going? If we stare these questions in the face, of course we know where
our individual process is going – to death. The ultimate goal is the one
absolutely sure event of the human condition. Hades is the unseen goal and yet
absolutely present.
·
Each dream is a child
of Night’s brood, affiliated closely with Sleep and Death, and with forgetting
all that the daily world remembers. Dreams have no father, no call upwards.
They come only from Night, and have no home other than in that dark realm. [Hesiod’s ‘Brood of Night’ comprises the twin brothers
Hypnos (Sleep) and Thanatos (Death), and their siblings Old Age, Envy, Strife,
Lamentation, Destiny, Deceit and Dream.]
·
Dreams are akin to
deceits and conflicts, to the lamentations of aging, to the doom of our destiny
– in a word: depression. The dream takes us downward – to the corresponding
mood of the slowing, saddening, introspective feeling of depression.
·
Dreams reflect an underworld
(Hades) of essences rather than an underground (Demeter or Ge) of root and seed. They
present images of being rather than of becoming.
·
To consider the dream
as an emotional wish (Thymos/aspiration) costs soul; to mistake the chthonic
(underworld) as the natural loses psyche. We cannot claim to be psychological
when we read dream images in terms of drives or desires.
·
Physicians are more
prone to suicide than men in other occupations, and at the top of the suicide
list of medical specialists are psychiatrists.
·
In the underworld
[soul/dream] is a place without light in which shadows move. Shadows without
light?? Trying to catch a glimpse of the shadow behind the scenes, to tune into
what else is going on in what seems to be a natural action or simple
conversation is precisely ‘trying to see shadows in the dark.’ It is to notice
the fantasy in the moment, to witness the psyche’s shadow play in our
unconscious daily living. Consciousness of this sort is reflective, watching
not just the physical reality in front of the eyeballs and by means of them,
but seeing into the flickering patterns within that physical reality, and
within the eyes themselves. It is a perception of perception, or as Jung says
about images: they are the self-perception of instinct. Our blind instinctual
life may be self-reflected by means of imagining, not after or before events in
the closet of introspection, but as an eye or ear that catches the image of the
event as it occurs.
·
In the underworld,
with thymos (blood/vitality) gone, and with it physical space and the world of
action, here in DEATH there is space enough to take in the same physical world
but in another way – for the soul to regain contact with all that is lost in
life. Shadow is the very stuff of the soul, the interior darkness that pulls
downward out of life and keeps one in relentless connection with the
underworld.
·
The experience of
having one’s life judged by one’s shadow makes life seem ‘as if it had been a
dream’. What goes on in the life of the ego is merely the reflection of one’s
deeper essence contained in the shadow.
--- Rather than viewing the
soul as the expiator in a nightworld for our shady actions in the dayworld, we
may imagine dayworld actions to be expiations for shadows we have not seen. As
long as we act in the heroic mode, we are driven by guilt, always paying off.
·
According to Freud,
hate has the same objective as love – both seek pleasure, for which hatred uses
the ego to destroy pain.
·
The persons I engage
with in dreams are neither representations of their living selves nor parts of
myself. They are shadow images that fill archetypal roles; they are personae,
masks, in the hollow of which is a numen .The underworld images are visible
only to what is invisible in us, i.e. the psyche.
·
A dream is not made
by something other elsewhere. Rather, the “I” who searches for the causal
conditions of the dream is myself of such stuff as dreams.
·
Dreams are
homeopathic by nature, i.e. they present in a simple image what we see in the
language of opposites. In dreams of medically terminal patients (those upon
whom the physician has prophesied death) the psyche seems to refuse to break
itself apart into the opposites of life and death. The psyche sees no such
distinction.
·
The ways of the hero
(ego) are in the service of a principle beyond the ‘will to power’ (Alfred
Adler) – this is the principle of distinctions, whereby the soul
clarifies ITS reality, limning lighter against darker to discern the sharper,
the clearer.
·
The pathological
design of nature “to finally kill us” is evident in the effects of dreams (REM
sleep) in heightening anxiety, blood pressure and even resulting in nighttime
heart attacks: according to dream researchers, dreams are preponderantly
unpleasant.
·
Dreams can be killed
by interpreters – the direct application of the dream as a message for the ego is
probably less effective in actually changing consciousness and affecting life
than is the dream still kept alive as an enigmatic image. --- Images, by satisfying instinct, will in
themselves alter the way we live. The dream works upon consciousness and its
dayworld by digesting the day-residues into soul-stuff – weaving the dayworld
into another story. Only such changes that are changes in soul can affect the
psychic aspect of one’s actions and relations.
·
“De-formative
activity of the imagination” is fundamental to alchemy – the hand of the God
who takes things out of nature and into psyche through “de-forming” from our
conscious life (memories) those elements necessary for the “soul-work”.
·
That forgetting and
dreaming have so close a relationship implies that dreaming itself is a process
of forgetting, of removing elements out of life so that they no longer hold
such interest, of letting slip, washed downstream, a movement out of ego into
psyche.
·
In the dream, we are
not in ‘story-time’ but in ‘image–space’, where chicken and egg mutually
require each other and are simultaneous correlatives. Notions of origin and of
causality are also invalid constructs in an underworld perspective, for which
time does not enter and the image presents an eternal (always going on,
repetitious) state of soul.
·
The self depicted in
a mandala is a differentiated pattern of polytheistic persons and
places, and not a simple monotheistic circle, ring, or sphere corresponding
with Western desires for a unitarian monism.
·
As a piece of
objective nature, dreams have no moral axe to grind.
·
If psychopathy
belongs to the psychological underworld, then investigations of it begin where
Freud left off: the death drive – not morality.
·
In the Egyptian
concept of the Ba, the idea depicted is not one of the soul living from the
body’s matter, an epiphenomenon of diet (you are what you eat) but rather we
are shown that the body draws on the soul for its nourishment. The life of the
body needs the soul stuff of images.
E)
The Soul’s Code: In Search of Character and Calling:
·
The “acorn” theory of
one’s innate image; each person bears a uniqueness that asks to be lived and
that is already present before it can be lived. Each person enters the world
“called”. (Ref. – Plato’s Republic X)
·
When your child
becomes the reason for your life, you have abandoned the invisible reason YOU
are here---to make a world receptive to your own daimon. Bearing witness to
your own daimon, then set civilization straight so the child can grow down into
it and its daimon can have a life.
·
When a child
substitutes for your daimon you will resent that child, even grow to hate it,
despite goodwill and high ethics. Like the vampires that so fascinate them,
children in our culture - sentimentalized for their innocence and neglected on
account of the bother they cause - drain away the blood of adult life.
and walks outdoors, and keeps on walking,
because
of a church that stands somewhere in the East.
And his children
say blessings on him as if he were dead.
And
another man, who remains inside his house,
dies
there, inside the dishes and the glasses
so that
his children have to go far out in the world
toward
that same church, which he forgot.
·
The secret of the
source of the perceptive eye is that it is the eye of the heart. Something
moves in the heart, opening to perceiving the image in the heart of the other.
--- Seeing is believing – believing in what you see - and this instantly
confers belief to whoever, whatever receives your sight. The gift of sight
surpasses the gifts of insight. For such sight blesses; it does transformative
work.Therapy promises the great delusion of insight. Better, it would be to
display oneself as a phenomenon.
·
‘To be’ is first of
all to be visible. Passively allowing yourself to be seen opens the possibility
of blessing. So we seek lovers and mentors and friends that we may be seen, and
blessed. Beyond the phenomenal are
interpersonal reserves and shadows, which are not invisible. They show in
reticence, in circumlocutions and euphemisms, in shaded, averted eyes, in
slips, in hesitancies of gestures, second thoughts, avoidances. There is
nothing plain about a face, or simple about a surface. The supposedly concealed
is also on view and subject to keen sight, making up part of what any event
affords to a good looker. The image that a mentor spots in a pupil or
apprentice is neither all hidden behind, neither a false self nor a true one;
there is no real you other than the reality of you in your image. The mentor
perceives the folds of a complexity, those convex-concave, topsy-turvy curves
of implication that are the truth of all imagination, allowing us to define an
image as the COMPLETE HOW OF A PRESENTATION. Here I am, right before your eyes.
Do you read me? --- The invisibility of the ‘acorn’ occurs in the How of a
visible performance – in its traces, if you will. The invisible is thoroughly
visible all through the oak and is not elsewhere or prior to the oak but acts
like an implicate order enfolded all through the visible, like the butter in a
French croissant or the fragrant air in risen bread: invisible, not literally
as such, but the invisible visible. To see the acorn requires an eye for the
image, an eye for the show, and the language to say what we see. Failures in
our loves, friendships and families often come down to failures in imaginative
perception: as the vision clouds, so do sympathy and interest.
·
The eye of the heart
that “sees” is also the eye of death that sees through visible presentation to
an invisible core.
·
The only possible
unshared and unsharable phenomenon that is always around and impinging on my
life is the uniqueness of the daimon and the individuality of my relation with
it, and it with me.
·
As caretakers,
parents cannot also be mentors. The roles and duties differ. It is enough for a
parent to keep a roof over your head and food on the table, and to get you up
and off to school. Providing a cave of security, a place for regressions is no
small job. Freed of these tasks, the mentor has only one: to recognize the
invisible load you carry and to have a fantasy about it that corresponds with
the image in the heart. One of the most painful errors we make is to expect
from a parent a mentor’s vision and blessing and strict teaching, or expecting
from a mentor shelter and concern for our human life.
·
The phrase “I Love
You” parroted between child and parent, without ideas, indignation, anxiety,
fantasy, but only as an anesthetic, may have a subtext that means many things,
but it definitely does not mean love, for when you love someone you are filled
with fantasies, ideas and anxieties.
There would be an avenging sensibility, a sense of real moral right and
wrong, of judgment of good or bad weighing over the family. In families lacking
love, the members have no fears, no desires, no strong angers or ambitions, no
pity and no terror, no images nor language for their expression. They do share
one fantasy: denial. It is not ultimately parental control or parental chaos that children run away from: they run
from the void of living in a family without any fantasy other than shopping,
keeping up the car, and routines of NICENESS.
·
The ‘acorn’ or
eternal twin holds all at once because its life is not in time.
·
The craft of the
soul’s ‘growing down’ into life is the wisdom of watching things with an eye to
their effects.
·
What determines
eminence is less a call to greatness than the call of character, that inability
to be other than what you are in acorn, following it faithfully or being
desperately driven by its dream.
·
You find your genius
by looking in the mirror of your life. Your visible image shows your inner
truth, so when you’re estimating others, what you see is what you get. It
therefore becomes critically important to see generously, or you will only get
what you see; to see sharply, so that you can discern the mix of traits rather
than a generalized lump; and to see deeply into dark shadows, or else you will
be deceived.
·
As you conduct your
life, so you are and so you shall be. It’s quite illusory to hang onto a
private, hidden, truer self apart from how you really are even if therapy
promotes this grand illusion and profits from it.
·
The capacity to deny,
to remain innocent, to use belief as a protection against sophistications of
every sort – intellectual, aesthetic, moral, psychological – keeps the American
character from awakening.
F) PSYCHOLOGICAL COMMENTARY to Gopi Krishna –
“Kundalini – Evolutionary Energy in Man”
(1971):
We have evidence that the development of ego and
the development of awareness are separate matters. Gopi Krishna’s external ego
situation in fact deteriorated in that he no longer had a job and was reduced
to living upon the sacrifices of his wife, nor did he feel himself to be of any
use even in the realm of therapy with all those who came with problems.
Straightforwardly he tells the limits of the enlightened one: such a one may be
of value in teaching or helping others who are on the same path, but he is not
a miracle man. To assume this role would be to misuse the experiences. Gopi
remained aware of his human limits, and he chose to remain within those limits.
By giving credit to his wife, he acknowledges an
archetypal aspect of this path. It is not taken alone; there is always the
‘other’ – master, disciple, pupil, wife, friend, beloved – who is the silent
partner, who represents the human love and care, who carries the other side,
gives encouragement by believing, and is the mortal twin to the immortal urge.
The instinct of individuation, as the evolutionary
energy in man, is given to every man.
Keith and Marnie
Elliott’s “REMEDY” Site
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